From d986cacf7fc94fb78904f01e11128d666efff804 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Pitt <martin@piware.de>
Date: Sun, 30 Aug 2020 10:20:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] Add reLU layer implementation

This requires normalizing the input data to [0,1], otherwise the data
gets wildly out of range. But normalizing the input range makes Sigmoid
worse, so don't do this by default.

Even with normalization, reLU still performs slightly worse than
Sigmoid, though.
---
 README.md |  9 +++++++++
 nnet.py   | 14 ++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index d48ebf3..b309254 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -112,3 +112,12 @@ output vector of first image: [1.11064478e-02 5.59058012e-03 5.40483856e-02 7.93
 real	4m10.904s
 user	11m21.203s
 ```
+
+- Replace [Sigmoid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmoid_function) activation function with [reLU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier_%28neural_networks%29). Some interesting effects, like a learning rate of 1 leads to "overshooting", and the cost function actually _increases_ during the learning steps several  times, and the overall result was worse. Changing the learning rate to linearly fall during the training rounds helps. But in the end, the result is still worse:
+```
+cost after training round 99: 0.07241763398153217
+correctly recognized images after training: 92.46%
+output vector of first image: [0.         0.         0.         0.         0.         0.
+ 0.         0.89541759 0.         0.        ]
+classification of first image: 7 with confidence 0.8954175907939048; real label 7
+```
diff --git a/nnet.py b/nnet.py
index ddf8ba6..239c96b 100644
--- a/nnet.py
+++ b/nnet.py
@@ -59,6 +59,20 @@ class SigmoidLayer:
         return upstream_grad * self.A * (1 - self.A)
 
 
+class reLULayer:
+    def __init__(self, shape):
+        self.shape = shape
+
+    def forward(self, Z):
+        assert Z.shape == self.shape
+        self.A = np.maximum(Z, 0)
+        return self.A
+
+    def backward(self, upstream_grad, learning_rate=0.1):
+        # couple upstream gradient with local gradient, the result will be sent back to the Linear layer
+        return upstream_grad * np.heaviside(self.A, 1)
+
+
 def label_vectors(labels, n):
     y = np.zeros((n, labels.size))
     for i, l in enumerate(labels):
-- 
2.39.5